And I’m definitively not a universalist . The atonement made provision for all men and its unbelief that keeps one unsaved . Man goes to hell for unbelief in Gods provision made in the gospel .
If man doesn't go to hell for rejecting the gospel, doesn't that mean that man has an excuse to make, if the wages of sin is not death, but failure to accept God's provision is?
If you want to deal with the idea of the elect, you have to start at the end and work your way back. Take who God is, the sovereign of all and everything.
At the end of time, everyone who goes to heaven is part of the elect whose name was written in the book of life before the foundation of the world. Everyone who does not go to heaven was not one of the elect. It is my belief that if we lived that day over and over again, it would never change. It is set in stone. If you can see and agree, then work your way back. No one can tell anyone whether they are elect or not, only God can do that. There is no fear that if we preach the gospel, that someone who shouldn't accept and be saved will, because... they are elect. Anyone who is elect WILL be saved (Jesus will not lose a single one), and anyone who is not elect will...ahem... live their best life now. It won't be against their will, because scripture states that they are going the way they want to as it is. Why does no one seek after God? Why isn't anyone righteous (in and of themselves)? Why is no one good? God tells us that they have each gone their own way. In other words, God isn't forcing them to do anything. They are following their own nature, which is set against God by default. The sin nature. As Jesus told us, with man, salvation is impossible, but with God, all things become possible. So, if God doesn't act, we continue to go our own way, away from God, righteousness, and good. And we are none the wiser, because we are going our own way.
UNCONDITIONAL ELECTION IS DOUBLE
PREDESTINATION
Some Calvinists say that they believe in “single predestination.” What
they mean is that they do not believe God chooses to damn anyone; he only
selects some of fallen humanity (St. Augustine’s “mass of damnation”) to
save, and he leaves the rest to their deserved and freely chosen fate in hell.
But does this make sense?
I begin as usual with Calvin, who wrote in the Institutes that “God is
said to have ordained from eternity those whom he wills to embrace in love
and those upon whom he wills to vent his wrath.”1 The surrounding context
makes clear that he agrees with what is said. It would be difficult to argue
that Calvin held anything other than double predestination. Passages from
the Institutes quoted in chapter 3 make this clear; he talks about the
reprobate being compelled to obedience by God. (Again, the context makes
clear he does not mean compelled to obedience to God’s preceptive will,
that is, God’s moral commands, but compelled to obedience to God’s
decretive will, that is, God’s decrees of what shall be, including their
sinfulness.) Calvin, I believe, would be shocked to hear of people calling
themselves Calvinists but arguing that predestination is only single, that it
applies only to election and not to reprobation — as if the two could be
separated or as if God could be sovereign in that case.
Boettner also affirmed divine reprobation of some persons and even that
God’s will is the “decisive factor” in their damnation. First, he wrote of
reprobation that “this, too,” like election to salvation, “is of God.”2
Furthermore, “we believe that from all eternity God has intended to leave
some of Adam’s posterity in their sins and that the decisive factor in the life
of each is to be found in God’s will.”3 It is important to remember that for
Boettner, as apparently for other Calvinist authors I have quoted, “the
Scripture writers did not hesitate to affirm the absolute sway of God over
the thoughts and intents of the heart.”4 Also, “God so governs the inward
feelings, external environment, habits, desires, motives, etc., of men that
they freely do what He purposes.”5 God, he confessed, “in a real sense”
determines people’s choices, and there is no such thing as “selfdetermination.”6 Thus, the reason is clear for Boettner’s claim that
reprobation is necessarily part of God’s sovereign plan and purpose and is
not ultimately conditioned by anything outside of God himself. God’s will
[obviously his “decretive will”] is the “decisive factor” in the life of the
reprobate and their reprobation.
At the same time, however, like all Calvinists I am aware of, Boettner
claims that the reprobate deserve their punishment (eternal suffering in hell)
because they “voluntarily chose sin.”7 Ultimately, he leaves this apparent
contradiction in the realm of mystery: “Predestination [including
reprobation] and free agency are the twin pillars of a great temple, and they
meet above the clouds where the human gaze cannot penetrate.”8 It seems
to me, however, that this mystery is a blatant contradiction, something even
Sproul rules out of bounds for Christian discourse. We must point out here
the difference between mystery and contradiction; the former is something
that cannot be fully explained to or comprehended by the human mind
whereas the latter is sheer nonsense — two concepts that cancel each other
out and together make an absurdity. Christian theology should never rest
comfortably with the latter whereas the former is always going to be present
in human talk of God.
Boettner has harsh words for those Calvinists who opt for single
predestination: “ ‘Mild Calvinism’ [i.e., the attempt to believe in single
predestination] is synonymous with sickly Calvinism, and sickness, if not
cured, is the beginning of the end.”9 While admitting that reprobation is
“admittedly an unpleasant doctrine,”10 Boettner attempts to prove its
necessity. For him, without it God’s justice will not be fully displayed and
thus God will not be fully glorified in the world and before angels.
Another witness that unconditional election necessarily includes
reprobation as its “other side of the coin” is Calvinist pastor and theologian
Edwin Palmer, author of The Five Points of Calvinism, in which he lays out
and defends “Twelve Theses on Reprobation.” First, he defines reprobation
as “God’s eternal, sovereign, unconditional, immutable, wise, holy, and
mysterious decree whereby, in electing some to eternal life, He passes
others by, and then justly condemns them for their own sin — all to His
own glory.”11 Like Boettner and others, he admits this is a difficult doctrine
but says that “our infinite God presents us with some astounding truths —
truths that our sinful and finite minds rebel against.”12 He argues that sin
comes about by the “efficacious permission of God” — something we have
already noted in other Calvinist theologians who are reluctant to say sin is
caused by God. It would seem that “efficacious permission” must mean, as
God’s permission of sin and evil means in Edwards, Boettner, and others,
that God renders it certain without forcing people to sin. Palmer says: “All
things, including sin, are brought to pass by God — without God violating
His holiness.”13
Palmer argues that the predestination of some necessarily implies
reprobation of others: “If God chooses some, then He necessarily passes by
others. Up implies down; back implies front; wet implies dry; later implies
earlier; choosing implies leaving others unchosen.”14 (Notice that Palmer is
using logic here and I agree with him!) He then goes on to argue that God
does not “effectuate” sin and unbelief in the same way he effectuates
faith.15 “God wills sin and unbelief unwillingly; he takes no delight in
them.”16 One can only wonder why this would be so if it is true that God
does everything “for his glory.” How can God not take delight in what
glorifies him? Palmer forges on boldly and states that God’s reprobation is
both conditional and unconditional:
Reprobation as condemnation is conditional in the sense that once
someone is passed by, then he is condemned by God for his sins and
unbelief. Although all things — unbelief and sin included —
proceed from God’s eternal decree, man is still to blame for his sins.
He is guilty; it is his fault and not God’s.17
This is enough to make anyone’s head spin. And Palmer agrees and
revels in it. “He [the Calvinist] realizes that what he advocates is ridiculous.
. . . The Calvinist freely admits that his position is illogical, ridiculous,
nonsensical, and foolish.”18 However, “this secret matter belongs to the
Lord our God, and we should leave it there. We ought not to probe into that
secret counsel of God.”19 Apparently Palmer agrees with Martin Luther
who, when pushed to the wall by Erasmus in their debate about free will,
urged his readers to “adore the mysteries” and not try to use logic. Palmer
also echoes early church theologian Tertullian who said, “I believe it
because it is absurd!” Perhaps many Calvinists will not agree with Palmer,
but they should if they want to hold onto this teaching that God reprobates
people unconditionally (because he himself foreordained sin and rendered it
certain) and yet the reprobate are solely responsible and deserve their
eternal punishment because their reprobation is “conditional.”
What drives Palmer and other high Calvinists to such a sacrifice of the
intellect? He makes no secret of it: Romans 9 — the bedrock passage of
Scripture for Calvinist belief in unconditional election and reprobation:
“When God speaks — as he has clearly done in Romans 9 — then we are
simply to follow and believe, even if we cannot understand, and even if it
seems contradictory to our puny minds.”20 Romans 9 says that God chose
Jacob over Esau and loved Jacob and hated Esau before they were born or
had done anything good or bad “in order that God’s purpose in election
might stand: not by works but by him who calls” (Rom. 9:11 – 12). Then
Paul quotes Exodus where God said to Moses, “I will have mercy on whom
I have mercy, and I will have compassion on whom I have compassion”
(9:15). Then we read: “Therefore God has mercy on whom he wants to
have mercy, and he hardens whom he wants to harden” (9:18).
Of course, Romans 9 says much more and I urge readers to read and
study the entire book of Romans and interpret chapter 9 in the context of
the whole book. Like all Calvinists, Palmer interprets these statements
literally as applying to individual salvation and reprobation. As I will show
later in this chapter, however, there are other valid interpretations that do
not end up requiring the sacrifice of the intellect or regarding God as
arbitrary or monstrous.
Sproul is another Calvinist who argues that there can be no
unconditional election to salvation without reprobation so that “single
predestination” is an impossible concept. He boldly promotes double
predestination while registering some important caveats. “If there is such a
thing as predestination at all, and if that predestination does not include all
people, then we must not shrink from the necessary inference that there are
two sides to predestination. It is not enough to talk about Jacob; we must
also consider Esau.”21 In order to soften the blow (to God’s goodness)
Sproul argues that these two decrees of God — to save some and damn
others — must not be taken as “equally ultimate” or both positive. He
criticizes what he calls hyper-Calvinism for making election and
reprobation equally ultimate — placing them on the same plane in the plan
of God and the outworking of that plan by God.22 Against hyper-Calvinism
Sproul expresses what he believes is the true Reformed doctrine:
The Reformed view teaches that God positively or actively
intervenes in the lives of the elect to insure their salvation. The rest
of mankind God leaves to themselves. He does not create unbelief in
their hearts. That unbelief is already there. . . . In the Calvinist view
the decree of election is positive; the decree of reprobation is
negative.23
One can only wonder how big a difference that is. Does saying that election
and reprobation are not equally ultimate and that one is positive and the
other negative really accomplish anything in terms of rescuing the integrity
of God’s character (which is clearly Sproul’s concern)?
It is important for Sproul that double predestination be understood his
way — as the unequal, ultimate and nonultimate decisions of God to save
some fallen humans and let others suffer eternal punishment. First, he says,
those whom God allows to suffer eternal punishment, those he passes over,
deserve eternal punishment anyway. God is under no obligation to save
them. His passing over them does not implicate him in their demise in any
way that would imply moral imperfection in God.
A closer look at how Sproul says the reprobate are evil and deserving of
eternal punishment reveals the flaw in his reasoning about the character of
God in light of double predestination. He uses God’s hardening of
Pharaoh’s heart to illustrate God’s general way of rendering it certain that
some portion of humanity, the nonelect or reprobate, deserve eternal
punishment. “All that God has to do to harden people’s hearts is to remove
restraints. He gives them a longer leash. . . . In a sense he gives them
enough rope to hang themselves.”24 He is affirming the normal Calvinist
explanation that God renders the fall and all its consequent corruption,
including sin and guilt, certain by withdrawing or withholding sufficient
grace. God chooses certain people to harden their hearts so they won’t
repent and believe.
Then he says:
This is how we must understand double predestination. God gives
mercy to the elect by working faith in their hearts. He gives justice
to the reprobate by leaving them in their own sins. There is no
symmetry here. One group receives mercy. The other group receives
justice. No one is a victim of injustice. None can complain that there
is unrighteousness in God.25
Does this make any sense? Not really. First, how is this not symmetry in
light of the fact that sinners’ sinfulness is foreordained and rendered certain
by God such that they cannot do otherwise? How is God’s decree of
reprobation to pass over certain individuals merely negative and passive if
God hardens their hearts? How does Sproul’s account really differ from
what he calls hyper-Calvinism?
Reformed theologian James Daane, an archenemy of double
predestination, calls this kind of talk “verbalism” — “a theatrical game in
which words really carry no ascertainable sense.”26 For Daane, as I will
bring out later in this chapter, this applies to many words used by double
predestinarians, whom he calls “decretal theologians.” It seems to apply
well to Sproul’s talk of God’s decrees not being equally ultimate because
one is positive and the other negative and to his notions of justice and
fairness.
All of the Calvinist theologians who argue for double predestination and
against “single predestination” embrace and affirm the idea that God
sovereignly predestines some of his own human creatures, created in his
own image and likeness, to hell, and that this is consistent with God’s
goodness, justice, and love. I agree with them wholeheartedly that there can
be no such thing as single predestination insofar as predestination is
unconditional election of some certain people, a certain number out of all,
to heaven. The automatic, unavoidable correlate to that is predestination to
hell. It’s double or nothing.
Where I disagree with them is that double predestination can be
defended as good or that a God who does this can be considered good,
loving, and just in any sense analogous to those virtues as they are revealed
to us in Jesus Christ and in Scripture. If God does this the way they
describe, then God’s “goodness,” God’s “love,” God’s “justice” are mere
words with no ascertainable meaning. Daane is right; it would be mere
verbalism to continue to speak of God having those attributes as aspects of
his eternal divine nature and character — something almost all Calvinists
do.
Moreover, even if God merely passes over some whom he could save,
why would he do that if he is good, loving, and just? What meaning could
those attributes have, even when applied to God, if God does what
Calvinists claim? In other words, it isn’t just a matter of reprobation,
although I do believe reprobation is necessarily implied in the Calvinist
doctrine of election. Even if it were possible to hold on to the idea that God
does not positively reprobate anyone but only mercifully chooses to save
some and leave others to their “deserved damnation,” what meanings would
“goodness,” “love,” and “justice” have when attributed to a God who could
save everyone because salvation is absolutely unconditional (i.e., not
dependent on anything God sees in or about the persons being saved)?27
Here is another Achilles’ heel of high Calvinism. In spite of their best
efforts to avoid it, the “good and necessary consequence” of their
soteriology — TULIP — is that God is morally ambiguous if not a moral
monster. There is no human analogy for this “goodness.” Any human being
who had the ability to rescue a large number of people from a terrible
calamity but rescues only some would never be considered good or loving
or just. Some will say that these terms mean something different in God
than in our world. Calvinist Paul Helm is right to reject that argument: “The
goodness of God must bear some positive relation to the sorts of human
actions we regard as good. Otherwise, why ascribe goodness to God?
Taken from Against Calvinism by Olson